Interaction cost is an important but poorly understood factor in visualization design. We propose a framework of interaction costs inspired by Norman's Seven Stages of Action to facilitate study. From 484 papers, we collected 61 interaction-related usability problems reported in 32 user studies and placed them into our framework of seven costs: (1) Decision costs to form goals; (2) System-power costs to form system operations; (3) Multiple input mode costs to form physical sequences; (4) Physical-motion costs to execute sequences; (5) Visual-cluttering costs to perceive state; (6) View-change costs to interpret perception; (7) State-change costs to evaluate interpretation. We also suggested ways to narrow the gulfs of execution (2-4) and evaluation (5-7) based on collected reports. Our framework suggests a need to consider decision costs (1) as the gulf of goal formation.

+More

input mode physical sequences perception interaction costs execution 24 cost system state visualization of goal interactionrelated usability problems

Heidi, Lam,.A framework of interaction costs in information visualization.. 14 (6),1149-56.

Heidi, Lam,"A framework of interaction costs in information visualization." 14

Heidi, Lam,"A framework of interaction costs in information visualization."