BACKGROUND: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is undermining TB control in South Africa. However, there are hardly any data about the cost of treating DR-TB in high burden settings despite such information being quintessential for the rational planning and allocation of resources by policy-makers, and to inform future cost-effectiveness analyses. METHODOLOGY: We analysed the comparative 2011 United States dollar ($) cost of diagnosis and treatment of drug sensitive TB (DS-TB), MDR-TB and XDR-TB, based on National South African TB guidelines, from the perspective of the National TB Program using published clinical outcome data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Assuming adherence to national DR-TB management guidelines, the per patient cost of XDR-TB was $26,392, four times greater than MDR-TB ($6772), and 103 times greater than drug-sensitive TB ($257). Despite DR-TB comprising only 2.2% of the case burden, it consumed ~32% of the total estimated 2011 national TB budget of US $218 million. 45% and 25% of the DR-TB costs were attributed to anti-TB drugs and hospitalization, respectively. XDR-TB consumed 28% of the total DR-TB diagnosis and treatment costs. Laboratory testing and anti-TB drugs comprised the majority (71%) of MDR-TB costs while hospitalization and anti-TB drug costs comprised the majority (92%) of XDR-TB costs. A decentralized XDR-TB treatment programme could potentially reduce costs by $6930 (26%) per case and reduce the total amount spent on DR-TB by ~7%. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Although DR-TB forms a very small proportion of the total case burden it consumes a disproportionate and substantial amount of South Africa's total annual TB budget. These data inform rational resource allocation and selection of management strategies for DR-TB in high burden settings.

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tuberculosis drtb hospitalization xdrtb treatment programme undermining tb control south african tb guidelines drug sensitive tb diagnosis rational resource allocation clinical outcome data principal costeffectiveness laboratory testing

Keertan Dheda,Grant Theron,Anil Pooran,Elize Pieterson,Malika Davids,.What is the cost of diagnosis and management of drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa?. 8 (1),.

Keertan Dheda,Grant Theron,Anil Pooran,Elize Pieterson,Malika Davids,"What is the cost of diagnosis and management of drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa?" 8

Keertan Dheda,Grant Theron,Anil Pooran,Elize Pieterson,Malika Davids,"What is the cost of diagnosis and management of drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa?"