In this paper, existing local structure patterns (LSPs) are reviewed and categorized into two types: intensity-based LSPs (I-LSPs) and gradient-based LSPs (G-LSPs). I-LSPs include local binary pattern (LBP), modified census transform (MCT) and generalized binary pattern (GBP) methods that compare the intensities of differently selected neighboring pixels within a 3×3 neighborhood with differently-formed reference intensities, encoding 256, 511, and 19,162 binary patterns respectively. G-LSPs include local gradient pattern (LGP), modified gradient pattern (MGP), and generalized gradient pattern (GGP) methods that compare the gradient magnitudes of differently selected neighboring pixels within a 3×3 neighborhood with differently-formed reference gradients, encoding 256, 511, and 19,162 binary patterns respectively. We extend all these LSPs to multi-scale block LSPs (MB-LSPs) that concatenate multiple block-based LSPs. Finally, we propose several hybrid LSPs that combine I-LSPs and G-LSPs by means of the AdaBoost feature selection. In experiments using AR564, BioID, ColorFERET and LFW databases to evaluate the eye detection accuracy of the proposed LSPs, the I-LSPs were good for detecting the eyes in low quality images, the G-LSPs were good for detecting the eyes in high quality images, and the hybrid LSPs achieve state-of-the-art eye detection accuracy across image qualities.

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differentlyformed reference intensities encoding 256 511 ar564 bioid colorferet and lfw databases local structure patterns lsps neighborhood local gradient pattern lgp modified gradient pattern mgp glsps eye detection accuracy ilsps 19162 binary patterns adaboost feature selection blockbased lsps multiscale block lsps mblsps

Daijin Kim,Inho Choi,.A variety of local structure patterns and their hybridization for accurate eye detection. 61 (0),417-432.

Daijin Kim,Inho Choi,"A variety of local structure patterns and their hybridization for accurate eye detection" 61

Daijin Kim,Inho Choi,"A variety of local structure patterns and their hybridization for accurate eye detection"