New research has revealed that a thin "living skin" covering the surface of the Great Wall of China serves as a powerful natural protective layer.

The study, published this week in the journal Current Biology, has shown that this microbial community, known as "biocrust," which covers large sections of this ancient monument, not only enriches biodiversity on the Great Wall but also effectively resists deterioration, playing a key role in its long-term preservation.

Scientists from China Agricultural University analyzed six sampling sites along a 600-kilometer stretch of the Great Wall, traversing both arid and semi-arid climates. They compared their surface microbiome, consisting of complex aggregates of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and mosses, with adjacent bare rammed-earth walls.

Results showed that sections covered by this biological crust supported bacterial and fungal communities with 12 to 62 percent greater abundance, diversity and network complexity.

Such a mosaic of biological soil crusts has enriched stress-resistant functional genes by 4 to 15 percent, while simultaneously reducing the prevalence of metabolic pathways associated with heritage deterioration, according to the study.

These findings serve as "a critical step toward understanding the microbiome of the Great Wall, which contributes to conserving this unparalleled human monument for future generations," the researchers said.