(HealthDay)—Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake in older Americans is greatly influenced by ethnicity, sex, household income, and food security, according to a study recently published in PLOS ONE.

Keri Marshall, from Pharmavite in West Hills, California, and colleagues studied the relationship between calcium and vitamin D intake and poverty (an annual household income of

The researchers found that within the poverty income bracket, 39.4 percent of women and 46.7 percent of men had inadequate vitamin D intake, 74.3 percent of women and 58.9 percent of men had inadequate calcium intake, and more than 14 percent of both men and women had osteoporosis. Additionally, more than one-fourth of non-Hispanic Black men were living below the poverty line, and within this population, 58.9 percent were found to have inadequate calcium levels and 46.7 percent had inadequate vitamin D levels. This nutrient inadequacy, in combination with their poverty status, leaves this population at a higher risk for developing osteoporosis.

"In general, this analysis suggests that nutrient deficiencies affect poverty-stricken males more than females in relation to the risk of osteoporosis," the authors write. "This could be due to the fact that other gender-specific health issues play a more dominant role in osteoporosis risk for females such as menopause, whereas major osteoporosis risk factors for men are age and inadequate nutrition, which can be exacerbated by economic disparities."

Several authors disclosed financial ties to Pharmavite.

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